History and buildings
History of the Finnish Government
The War of Finland in 1808-09 brought the transfer of Finland from Swedish rule to become an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian empire. In 1809 the new Grand Duchy of Finland received its own central administration under the leadership of a Governing Council, from 1816 the Imperial Finnish Senate. The Senate, which contained an Economic Division and a Judicial Division, was responsible for the general administration of the Grand Duchy. Both divisions were under the formal chairmanship of the Russian Governor-General.
The Economic Division was divided into a number of administrative departments, each headed by a member of the Senate. From 1858, members of the Senate were formally recognized as senators. The number of administrative departments under the Grand Duchy varied from five to nine. Some members of the Economic Division did not have specific responsibility for an individual department. The Judicial Division contained no subordinate administrative departments. The Economic Division acted as the supreme administrative and judicial authority for civil administration and economic affairs, while the Judicial Division was responsible for the administration of justice. Supreme authority for overseeing the legality of government was vested in the hands of the new office of Procurator.
The senators became ministers and the divisions became ministries
Towards the end of 1918, the names of the Senate and its administrative departments were changed by decree, with the Economic Division of the Senate becoming the Government of independent Finland and the administrative departments becoming Government ministries. The senators similarly became ministers, with the Vice-Chairman of the Economic Division becoming Prime Minister. The Senate Chancery was renamed the Prime Minister's Office, while the Procurator became the Chancellor of Justice. The Judicial Division of the Senate was separated from the executive wing and divided in two to produce the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court.
In addition to the Prime Minister's Office, the independent Republic of Finland began with a total of 11 ministries:
- Ministry for Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of Justice
- Ministry of the Interior
- Ministry of War
- Ministry of Finance
- Ministry of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Ministry of Transport and Public Works
- Ministry of Trade and Industry
- Ministry of Social Affairs
- Ministry of Food
- Prime Minister's Office.
In 1922, the Ministry of War was renamed the Ministry of Defence, while the Ministry of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs became simply the Ministry of Education. The same year also saw the closure of the Ministry of Food, although this was reconstituted under the name of Ministry of Supply for the difficult years in 1939-1949. In 1968, the Ministry of Social Affairs was expanded to become the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
In 1971, the Ministry of Agriculture became the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. A year earlier, in 1970, the Ministry of Transport and Public Works had been split in two to form the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Labour. The next change occurred in 1984, with the creation of the new Ministry of the Environment.
In September 2000, the Ministry of Transport was renamed the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Ministry of Employment and the Economy began its operations on 1 January 2008. It comprises the duties handled by the former Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Labour and the Regional Development Unit in the Ministry of the Interior. The name of the Ministry of Education was changed to the Ministry of Education and Culture on 1 May 2010.
History of Finnish governments
Since Finland gained its independence in 1917, the country has had 76 governments. The longest-serving Government so far has been that led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä, which served for a total of 1,470 days. The longest-serving minister has been Johannes Virolainen, who served in various Governments for a total of 6,169 days.
From minority governments towards majority coalitions
During Finland’s period of independence, its governments have exchanged parliamentary instability for a series of more permanent, majority coalitions. Of the 19 governments that served prior to the Winter War, 14 were minority or caretaker governments. During that period, even majority governments were short-lived. An exception was T.M. Kivimäki's minority government, based on a centrist coalition lasting almost four years, between 1932 and 1936.
Most governments were formed by non-socialist parties on the centre right and left. The Social Democrats first entered the government in 1926-27 when the party assumed office alone as a minority cabinet. The next time was in 1937, the year of the first red-earth cabinet coalition.
During and after the war, the prevailing national consensus required broad-based governments. However, the wartime governments were fairly short-lived. In the post-war period, even the extreme left entered the government.
The 1950s and early 1960s saw diverse, ever-changing government coalitions. The key government party was the Agrarian Union/Centre Party. Between 1966 and 1987, governments were mainly based on centre-left coalitions, sometimes termed popular front governments.
A left-right coalition served between 1987 and 1991, followed by a non-socialist centre-right coalition between the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party in 1991–1995. In the Lipponen government elected in 1995, the Greens and a broad spectrum of leftist parties were represented, as well as the National Coalition Party. The traditional red-earth government cooperation between the Centre Party and the Social Democratic Party was reassumed by the 2003 Jäätteenmäki Government and in the work carried out after it by the Vanhanen Government.
The second Vanhanen Government, from the spring of 2007, was a majority coalition formed by the Centre Party, the National Coalition Party, the Green League and the Swedish People’s Party of Finland. Mari Kiviniemi succeeded Prime Minister Vanhanen on 22 June 2010. A traditionally liberal party, the Swedish People’s Party has participated in almost all of the various coalitions.
Appointed in June 2011, the Government of Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen consisted at the beginning of six parties: the National Coalition Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Left Alliance, the Swedish People's Party, the Greens and the Christian Democrats. The Left Alliance decided to leave the Government on 4 April 2014. The majority government of Prime Minister Alexander Stubb, who was elected to lead the National Coalition Party in June 2014, began its work with the same five-party coalition. The Green League resigned from the Government on 26 September 2014.
Prime Minister Juha Sipilä’s Government, set up in 2015, was a majority government composed of the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party. The Finns Party left the Government in summer 2017, but some of its MPs resigned from the party to form a new party, the Blue Reform (first the New Alternative Parliamentary Group), which continued in the Government. On 8 March 2019 Prime Minister Sipilä submitted his Government’s request for resignation to the President of the Republic, just a few weeks before the parliamentary elections held on 14 April.
Antti Rinne’s majority government, appointed in June 2019, consisted of the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the Greens, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party. Rinne’s Government resigned in December 2019, and the Government led by Prime Minister Sanna Marin continued with the same party composition until the next elections. Prime Minister Petteri Orpo’s majority government took office in June 2023. Its member parties are the National Coalition Party, the Finns Party, the Swedish People’s Party and the Christian Democrats.